Charged-particle ray trace Decorative artwork in the style of a CPO simulation plot: charged-particle trajectories, drawn as fine lines, converge through a crossover at a focal point marked by a glowing dot — the kind of ray trace the CPO programs produce.

Relativistic corrections

RELATIVISTIC CORRECTIONS

In all the programs relativistic equations of motion are automatically used when they are needed to achieve the required accuracy. We have developed a fast algorithm for this.

The relativistic correction to the mass is used at all energies. In addition corrections for the rate of change of mass with time are used above 25.6eV for electrons if the required fractional inaccuracy is 0.0001 (and note the surprisingly low value for this threshold).

expand_less